Thread:Pumpkintrollnoob/@comment-37487736-20181211134237

pumpkintrollnoob

lets start with pumpkin

A pumpkin is a cultivar of a squash plant, most commonly of Cucurbita pepo, that is round, with smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and most often deep yellow to orange coloration.[1]  The thick shell contains the seeds and pulp. Some exceptionally large cultivars of squash with similar appearance have also been derived from Cucurbita maxima. Specific cultivars of winter squash derived from other species, including C. argyrosperma, and C. moschata, are also sometimes called "pumpkin".[1]

Native to North America (northeastern Mexico and southern United States),[1]  pumpkins are one of the oldest domesticated plants, having been used as early as 7,500 to 5,000 BC.[1]  Pumpkins are widely grown for commercial use and are used both for food and recreation. Pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of Thanksgiving meals in Canada and the United States, and pumpkins are frequently carved as jack-o'-lanterns for decoration around Halloween, although commercially canned pumpkin puree and pumpkin pie fillings are usually made from different kinds of winter squash than the ones used for jack-o'-lanterns.[1]

Contents

 * 1Etymology and terminology
 * 2Description
 * 3Taxonomy
 * 4Cultivation
 * 4.1In the United States
 * 4.2Giant pumpkins
 * 5Nutrition
 * 6Uses
 * 6.1Cooking
 * 6.2Leaves
 * 6.3Seeds
 * 6.3.1Pumpkin seed oil
 * 6.4Other uses
 * 7Culture
 * 7.1Halloween
 * 7.2Chunking
 * 7.3Pumpkin festivals and competitions
 * 7.4Folklore and fiction
 * 8See also
 * 9References
 * 10Further reading
 * 11External links

Etymology and terminology[edit]


Pumpkin

The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon (πέπων), which is Greek for "large melon", something round and large.[2]  The French adapted this word to pompon, which the British changed to pumpion and to the later American colonists became known as pumpkin.[3]

The term pumpkin has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning,[4]  and is used interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash".[1]  In North America and the United Kingdom, pumpkin traditionally refers to only certain round, orange varieties of winter squash, predominantly derived from Cucurbita pepo, while in Australian English, pumpkin can refer to winter squash of any appearance.[5]

In New Zealand and Australian English, the term pumpkin generally refers to the broader category called winter squash elsewhere.[5]

Description[edit]


A pumpkin flower attached to the vine

Pumpkins, like other squash, originated in northeastern Mexico and southern United States.[1]  The oldest evidence were pumpkin fragments dated between 7,000 and 5,500 BC found in Mexico.[1]  Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo.[1] [6]



Male (top) and female (bottom) pumpkin flowers

Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 3 and 8 kilograms (6 and 18 lb), though the largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 34 kg (75 lb).[7]

The color of pumpkins derives from orange carotenoid pigments, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, all of which are provitamin A compounds converted to vitamin A in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-8">[8]

Taxonomy[edit]
All pumpkins are winter squash: mature fruit of certain species in the genus Cucurbita. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin,<sup id="cite_ref-UFlor_9-0">[9]  and deep yellow to orange<sup id="cite_ref-UFlor_9-1">[9]  color. Circa 2005, white pumpkins had become increasingly popular in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10">[10]  Other colors, including dark green (as with some oilseed pumpkins), also exist.

Cultivation[edit]
Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from agricultural purposes (such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisext_11-0">[11]  Of the seven continents, only Antarctica is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins include the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_3-1">[3] <sup id="cite_ref-12">[12]  The traditional American pumpkin used for jack-o-lanterns is the Connecticut Field variety.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisext_11-1">[11] <sup id="cite_ref-richardsonrw_13-0">[13] <sup id="cite_ref-ufl_14-0">[14] <sup id="cite_ref-baggett_15-0">[15]

In the United States[edit]


A pumpkin patch in Winchester, Oregon

As one of the most popular crops in the United States, in 2017 over 680,000,000 kilograms (1.5 billion pounds) of pumpkins were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-psu_16-0">[16]  The top pumpkin-producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisext_11-2">[11]

According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is grown in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-17">[17]  Nestlé, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé crop, resulting in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season.<sup id="cite_ref-18">[18]

Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures 8 centimetres (3 in) deep are at least 15.5 °C (60 °F) and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 18 °C or 65 °F; frost can be detrimental), and sandy soil with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy rain. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-psu_16-1">[16]

Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; honeybees play a significant role in fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-psu_16-2">[16]  Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably at least in part to pesticide (imidacloprid) sensitivity,<sup id="cite_ref-williams_19-0">[19]  and today most commercial plantings are pollinated by honeybees. One hive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive, or 5 hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development.

about troll,
troll is 

 =Troll= From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article is about beings from Scandinavian folklore and mythology. For the internet term, see Internet troll. For other uses, see Troll (disambiguation).

"Trolls" redirects here. For the 2016 animated film, see Trolls (film).



''Look at them, troll mother said. Look at my sons! You won't find more beautiful trolls on this side of the moon.'' (1915) by John Bauer

A troll is a class of being in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folklore. In Old Norse sources, beings described as trolls dwell in isolated rocks, mountains, or caves, live together in small family units, and are rarely helpful to human beings.

Later, in Scandinavian folklore, trolls became beings in their own right, where they live far from human habitation, are not Christianized, and are considered dangerous to human beings. Depending on the source, their appearance varies greatly; trolls may be ugly and slow-witted, or look and behave exactly like human beings, with no particularly grotesque characteristic about them.

Trolls are sometimes associated with particular landmarks, which at times may be explained as formed from a troll exposed to sunlight. Trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture.

Contents

 * 1Etymology
 * 2Norse mythology
 * 3Scandinavian folklore
 * 4See also
 * 5Notes
 * 6References
 * 7External links

Etymology
The Old Norse nouns troll and tröll (variously meaning "fiend, demon, werewolf, jötunn") and Middle High German troll, trolle "fiend" (according to philologist Vladimir Orel likely borrowed from Old Norse) developed from Proto-Germanic neuter noun *trullan. The origin of the Proto-Germanic word is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-OREL-410-411_1-0">[1]  Additionally, the Old Norse verb trylla 'to enchant, to turn into a troll' and the Middle High German verb trüllen "to flutter" both developed from the Proto-Germanic verb *trulljanan, a derivative of *trullan.<sup id="cite_ref-OREL-410-411_1-1">[1]

Norse mythology
In Norse mythology, troll, like thurs, is a term applied to jötnar and is mentioned throughout the Old Norse corpus. In Old Norse sources, trolls are said to dwell in isolated mountains, rocks, and caves, sometimes live together (usually as father-and-daughter or mother-and-son), and are rarely described as helpful or friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD1997167_2-0">[2]  The Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál describes an encounter between an unnamed troll woman and the 9th-century skald Bragi Boddason. According to the section, Bragi was driving through "a certain forest" late one evening when a troll woman aggressively asked him who he was, in the process describing herself: Bragi responds in turn, describing himself and his abilities as a skillful skald, before the scenario ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES-132_4-1">[4]

There is much confusion and overlap in the use of Old Norse terms jötunn, troll, þurs, and risi, which describe various beings. Lotte Motz theorized that these were originally four distinct classes of beings: lords of nature (jötunn), mythical magicians (troll), hostile monsters (þurs), and heroic and courtly beings (risi), the last class being the youngest addition. On the other hand, Ármann Jakobson is critical of Motz's interpretation and calls this theory "unsupported by any convincing evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-JAKOBSSON06_5-0">[5]  Ármann highlights that the term is used to denote various beings, such as a jötunn or mountain-dweller, a witch, an abnormally strong or large or ugly person, an evil spirit, a ghost, a blámaðr, a magical boar, a heathen demi-god, a demon, a brunnmigi, or a berserker.<sup id="cite_ref-JAKOBSSON08_6-0">[6]

Scandinavian folklore


Skogtroll (Forest Troll), by Theodor Kittelsen, 1906.

Later in Scandinavian folklore, trolls become defined as a particular type of being.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK335_7-0">[7]  Numerous tales are recorded about trolls in which they are frequently described as being extremely old, very strong, but slow and dim-witted, and are at times described as man-eaters and as turning to stone upon contact with sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-KVEDELUND-SEHMSDORF-301-313_8-0">[8]  However, trolls are also attested as looking much the same as human beings, without any particularly hideous appearance about them, but living far away from human habitation and generally having "some form of social organization" — unlike the rå and näck, who are attested as "solitary beings". According to John Lindow, what sets them apart is that they are not Christian, and those who encounter them do not know them. Therefore, trolls were in the end dangerous, regardless of how well they might get along with Christian society, and trolls display a habit of bergtagning ('kidnapping'; literally "mountain-taking") and overrunning a farm or estate.<sup id="cite_ref-LINDOW-1978-33-35_9-0">[9]

Lindow states that the etymology of the word "troll" remains uncertain, though he defines trolls in later Swedish folklore as "nature beings" and as "all-purpose otherworldly being[s], equivalent, for example, to fairies in Anglo-Celtictraditions". They "therefore appear in various migratory legends where collective nature-beings are called for". Lindow notes that trolls are sometimes swapped out for cats and "little people" in the folklore record.<sup id="cite_ref-LINDOW-1978-33-35_9-1">[9]

A Scandinavian folk belief that lightning frightens away trolls and jötnar appears in numerous Scandinavian folktales, and may be a late reflection of the god Thor's role in fighting such beings. In connection, the lack of trolls and jötnar in modern Scandinavia is sometimes explained as a result of the "accuracy and efficiency of the lightning strokes".<sup id="cite_ref-LIGHTNING_10-0">[10]  Additionally, the absence of trolls in regions of Scandinavia are described in folklore as being a "consequence of the constant din of the church-bells". This ring caused the trolls to leave for other lands, although not without some resistance; numerous traditions relate how trolls destroyed a church under construction or hurled boulders and stones at completed churches. Large local stones are sometimes described as the product of a troll's toss.<sup id="cite_ref-THORPE-1851-158-154-156_11-0">[11]  Additionally, into the 20th century, the origins of particular Scandinavian landmarks, such as particular stones, are ascribed to trolls who may, for example, have turned to stone upon exposure to sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-KVEDELUND-SEHMSDORF-301-313_8-1">[8]



The Princess and the Trolls –The Changeling, by John Bauer, 1913.

Lindow compares the trolls of the Swedish folk tradition to Grendel, the supernatural mead hall invader in the Old English poem Beowulf, and notes that "just as the poem Beowulf emphasizes not the harrying of Grendel but the cleansing of the hall of Beowulf, so the modern tales stress the moment when the trolls are driven off."<sup id="cite_ref-LINDOW-1978-33-35_9-2">[9]

Smaller trolls are attested as living in burial mounds and in mountains in Scandinavian folk tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-MACCULLOCH33_12-0">[12]  In Denmark, these creatures are recorded as troldfolk ("troll-folk"), bjergtrolde ("mountain-trolls"), or bjergfolk ("mountain-folk") and in Norway also as troldfolk ("troll-folk") and tusser.<sup id="cite_ref-MACCULLOCH33_12-1">[12]  Trolls may be described as small, human-like beings or as tall as men depending on the region of origin of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-MACCULLOCH34_13-0">[13]

In Norwegian tradition, similar tales may be told about the larger trolls and the Huldrefolk ("hidden-folk") yet a distinction is made between the two. The use of the word trow in Orkney and Shetland, to mean beings which are very like the Huldrefolk in Norway may suggest a common origin for the terms. The word troll may have been used by pagan Norse settlers in Orkney and Shetland as a collective term for supernatural beings who should be respected and avoided rather than worshiped. Troll could later have become specialized as a description of the larger, more menacing Jötunn-kind whereas Huldrefolk may have developed as the term for smaller trolls.<sup id="cite_ref-Narváez2_14-0">[14]

John Arnott MacCulloch posited a connection between the Old Norse vættir and trolls, suggesting that both concepts may derive from spirits of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-MACCULLOCH30_15-0">[15]

and noobs mean noob.

SO IF WE MIXED ALL IT WILL BECOME:

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